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What's the Difference Between an American Life and an Ultra-Orthodox One? |
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| We're still recovering from the reign of Joel Teitelbaum 29 years after his death. | ||
by Shmarya Rosenberg, August 28, 2008 |
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Joel Teitelbaum, the Rebbe of Satmar and the most coercive of all
modern day ultra-Orthodox leaders, passed away 29 years ago this month. A
vociferous anti-Zionist, Teitelbaum is known for having exhorted his followers to stay in Europe. Later, as
the Nazis approached, he was one of many Hungarian ultra-Orthodox
rabbis who told their flocks to remain calm. There is nothing to worry
about, these rabbis announced, God will protect us because of our
anti-Zionism.
Unfortunately for Teitelbaum’s followers, God didn’t go along with his promises. While most of his
followers perished in Auschwitz, Teitelbaum went into hiding and later escaped to freedom. He did
not do this through his own ingenuity or through some divine
intervention – Joel Teitelbaum, uber-anti-Zionist, was saved from
certain death by a Zionist leader.
That Zionist, Rudolph Kasztner, organized the largest Holocaust rescue
of Jews by another Jew.
He did it with smoke and mirrors, with bravado and slight of hand.
Kasztner saved thousands of his people by negotiating with Adolph
Eichmann – short of Hitler, the most feared Nazi in the world. Oskar
Schindler of Schindler’s List fame said Kasztner was the
bravest man he knew.
After the War, Teitelbaum lived for a brief time in Palestine, where he
became a leader of the rabidly anti-Zionist, rabidly anti-modern, Edah
HaCharedit. When you read about Jerusalem video stores being torched or
Internet cafés trashed,
chances are the thugs who did it are proudly affiliated with Edah
HaCharedit.
Teitelbaum couldn’t stand what he saw as the ‘destruction’ of the Holy
Land by the irreligious and imperfectly religious – in practice, pretty
much everyone who wasn’t a Teitelbaum follower or acolyte. So, in 1946,
Teitelbaum moved to Brooklyn and set up what was then his small hasidic
court. Teitelbaum found America’s Orthodox welcoming, and America’s Jewish welfare agencies helped to resettle many of his followers in Brooklyn.
You’ve probably heard the stories about these American Jews – the same ones who were so hospitable and supportive of Teitelbaum when he first arrived: Pious Jews fled pogroms in Eastern
Europe. The need to make a living in America forced
them to give up strict Shabbat observance and other Orthodox practices. Their children, lacking the example of fully Orthodox parents,
became even less observant. If those pious Jews had just kept Shabbat,
the story goes, their descendants would still be Orthodox today.
The flip side to this story is another story you’ve also probably heard: Seemingly pious Eastern European Jews board a ship bound for America.
As the ship leaves the harbor and gets beyond sight of the shore, they cut off their beards and pitch their tefillin into
the sea.
Both stories probably happened, although the first was probably
far more common than the second. But even though these are iconic
stories, neither really tells the tale of Eastern European immigration
to the United States. That is because both are based on a lie – the
idea that these immigration ships were filled with characters out of
Broadway’s Fiddler On The Roof: long-bearded shtetl-dwellers with untrimmed earlocks, whose only brush with secular culture had taken place moments before.
By the 1920s, the masses of Eastern European Jews were secular or only
nominally religious. Emancipation, which spread throughout Europe
during the 19th century, made belonging to a religious community – and
following that community’s laws – optional. Ultra-Orthodox Judaism,
itself a reactionary movement to the Enlightenment that preceded
Emancipation, lost its state-sponsored coercive powers as did all forms
of Orthodoxy. And Jews, no longer forced to be Orthodox or
ultra-Orthodox, left Orthodoxy by the tens of thousands as a result.
Most Jews who came to America during the great wave of
immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were neither
ultra-Orthodox or rabidly secular – they were somewhere in between.
They were Jews with a respect for Jewish law and tradition, but they
were also Jews who appreciated and enjoyed secular culture and the
freedoms it gave them.
The Orthodoxy they found in America was more suited to this hybrid
outlook than the Orthodoxy of Eastern Europe. Never subject to state
enforcement of religious law, American Jews – even American Orthodox
Jews – took any type of religious coercion badly.
These new immigrants developed their own versions of Orthodoxy,
too, founding shuls grouped around country or city of origin. In part,
they did this to preserve the unique customs they grew up with. But
they also did it for coarser, more practical reasons. These new shuls
also served as affinity associations, and the social networking they
provided helped immigrants land jobs and acclimate to American life.
These shuls were rarely coercive – you paid your dues and you helped
out with a minyan when you were able, and you were in.
These old and new American Orthodox Jews founded yeshivas like Torah
Vodaas in Brooklyn and what would later become Yeshiva University in
Manhattan. They also founded or helped to found many of the leading
national Jewish organizations of their day, including what we now know
as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and other welfare
organizations meant to help suffering Jews in Eastern Europe and beyond.
Despite this, and despite the fact that these same American Orthodox Jews would be instrumental in rescuing and
resettling Eastern European Jews during and after the Holocaust, Teitelbaum rejected American Orthodoxy as impure and watered down by compromise and modernity. He sought to impose Edah HaCharedit standards on it, demanding stricter forms of kashrut and the rejection of all secular values, including basic secular education. He created a community virtually walled off from the rest of society. And, when that was not enough, he created another in Upstate New York that now carries his name.To this day, when Satmar hasidim choose to leave Brooklyn or Kiryas Joel and the hasidic life, they often leave it illiterate in English. An entire organization, Footsteps, exists primarily to help these former hasids adapt to American life.
Yet the pull of a closed life and the allure of rebuilding a fantasy version of pre-Holocaust Satmar Jewish life was strong. Teitelbaum’s group grew to be largest hasidic court in America, although that growth has far more to do with the fertility and fruitfulness of its members (not to mention the difficulties those members face when defecting) than it does with the attractiveness of its lifestyle to outsiders.
Like the Edah HaCharedit, Teitelbaum and the movement he founded are ultra-Orthodoxy unvarnished, presented without PR agencies or concern for anyone else’s opinion.
Although he had opportunities to do so, Joel Teitelbaum never thanked the man who saved his life. Teitelbaum even refused to acknowledge that a Zionist had saved him. His pat answer when pressed was that he was saved by God, not by man, and would discuss the issue no further. Perhaps most shockingly, despite the failure of his theology and the success of Israel, Teitelbaum continued his anti-Zionist agitation, becoming the leading anti-Zionist in the world.
He showed little if any respect for the American Orthodox community that initially welcomed him, and he eventually shunned its leaders just as he shunned their schools, shuls, and organizations.
Many of the men and women who immigrated to pre-Holocaust America did so to flee men like Teitelbaum and the extremism that so often surrounds them. That did not mean they threw their Judaism into the sea. It meant they wanted to live a life free from religious enforcers and from antisemitism – a life where they could rise or fall based on their merits, not on their religious observance. In short, they wanted an American life, not an ultra-Orthodox one.
In a fit of rabid theodicy unmatched in modern times, Teitelbaum ultimately blamed Zionism for the Holocaust itself.
WheresYr MessiahNow
He seems to have been a very bad person. Imagine not thanking the person who saved your life, nor even acknowledging the fact.
What's your source for this?
Why did he continue to have followers despite his disastrous prediction that god would protect them from the Nazis and the disastrous policies that flowed from that?
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>Why did he continue to have followers despite his disastrous prediction that god would protect them from the Nazis and the disastrous policies that flowed from that?<<<
Because people need to believe.
>>>What's your source for [not thanking, etc.]?<<<
Several, most prominently, the book Kasztner's Train. And, during years of living in haredi communities, I heard the story of Teitelbaum's rescue. Absent from those stories was Kasztner, his train, or any mention of Zionists helping Teitelbaum.
WheresYr MessiahNow
Thanks for the citations.
I guess you're right that people need to believe, but thankfully not everyone needs to believe to such a degree that this overrides all else.
Shalom
Why did the Israeli Court Labeld Kastner after the infaimos kastner trial that he: Sold his soul for the devil.... ?
after reading numerous books and searching for the real story behind the "Kastner train" story, the truth is that without the rabbi Teitelbaum there would have been no Train, his followers are the ones who paid the sum for the train after Joel brand didn't came up with the money.
Anonymous
exceedingly poorly written article...when Teitelbaum came here, he had nothing. No one forced anyone to support him. He developed his community the way he wanted to, from the ground up. Yes, he was anti-Zionist - this is a free country, and you are allowed to disagree with other people. I'm pro-Zionist, but respect the rabbi for his very notable achievements. His desire to live to a higher standard was for himself and his community - and in fact, contrary to your screed, he was approachable and had friendly relationships with many of the "American Orthodox". Stop demonizing people you disagree with.
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>after reading numerous books and searching for the real story behind the "Kastner train" story, the truth is that without the rabbi Teitelbaum there would have been no Train, his followers are the ones who paid the sum for the train after Joel brand didn't came up with the money.<<<
This is absolutely false.
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>His desire to live to a higher standard was for himself and his community - and in fact, contrary to your screed, he was approachable and had friendly relationships with many of the "American Orthodox"<<<
As long as they were not Religious Zionists or Modern. And as long as they came to him. And as long as they didn't challenge him. And as long as they didn't ask him to thank Kasztner.
LubabNoMore
Interesting article. I didn't know a lot about him. Thanks for writing.
sjluniel
Shmarya,
Would you please be so kind as to share the sources for facts mentioned in your story?
Thanks,
Steve
Al
I agree that people need to believe, the question is "believe in what ?". Sadly, it seems that people of all religions, from all corners of the world seem to hold on to the beliefs they were taught as children, even before they were equipped to think about the likelihood or sensibility of what they were taught. Once these ideas are engrained in their minds.. people seem unable to even contemplate an alternative. This is despite the obvious fact that only one of the world's belief systems can possibly be “perfect” (a claim they all make) and no matter which religion or religious sub-group you belong to, there are many others that should cause any rational man to ask an honest question or two. On respecting Mr. Teitelbaum. I have to strongly disagree with Anonymous above on a few points. Mr. Teitelbaum does not deserve respect. He left one fascist culture only to create a new one in America and to use religion as the basis for his decisions. The Satmar chasidim clearly have a separatist attitude and do not foster relationships with people of any kind outside of their community and they clearly use emotional blackmail to hold onto their constituents. Many of them actively call out for the destruction of the state of Israel. Yes, in America you do have freedom, but that does not it is appropriate to exercise it to create a separatist movement, that elevates you and your people above all others (the very idea of this should be repulsive to all people) and publicly creates continuous Chilluli Hashem ("disgrace of god" is the best translation I can come up with) is respectable. I can name numerous other groups who built organizations from the bottom up, gained power and exercised it... I will leave their names to your imagination - but they are not all respectable (although they have all been respected). The ideas promoted by Mr. Teitelbaum, I would argue are counter to the ideas of Judaism that many of us value. The social and moral obligations of one man to another... the very ideas that seem to be the one thread across so many religions.
Anonymous
The appropriately named "Heretic", Shmarya, continues to pretend that Kasztner was not the murdering Nazi collaborator that he was, based on some book that contradicts thousands of eyewitnesses.
Most readers here are probably unaware that Kasztner was later put on trial in Israel for this but that his life was taken by assassins that may have been sent by the Mossad because of who else could be implicated.
Anonymous
Well, there are LOTS of other kinds of Hassidim beside the Satmar Hassidim. ("Ultra-orthodox" means Hassidim.) Don't tar them all with the same brush.
If you see a guy in a black hat, he could be Modern Orthodox, NOT Hassidic.
A guy in a long black frock coat or ear-locks is Hassidic. But, not at all necessarily affiliated with the people discussed in this post! Not at all! It is quite possible he doesn't like them any more than the writer of this post.
Yes, G-d bless America. It's a free country.
bloggela
Why does Teitelbaum, and others of the same ilk, have
followers?
Historians of pedagogy and psychoanalysts shed some light on
this apparent mystery. Simply put: the
baby’s will is shaped (stamped out) in the cradle. And, like other children, children who grow
up in such strict environments “love” the enforcing caregivers (parents, rebbe).
For most of recorded history, pedagogy consisted of stamping
out a child’s will; Hasidic education remains stuck in the 18th
century on this front too. Admittedly,
the corporeal punishments used to eradicate the child’s will have eased up in
Hasidic circles too, but, as the strictest pedagogues point out, if you start
the process of molding the child’s emotions early enough, you won’t need
to resort to “corporeal” punishment. A
look, a stare, can suffice.
The ultra-orthodox draw strict boundaries around what is
permitted exploration; boundaries for the infant, the toddler, the child. Transgressions are punished. Like most kids, Satmar kids love their
parents and find it hard, impossible, to consider what happened to them in childhood
an abuse of power rather than love. On
top of this, they are taught (in the cradle) that they MUST honor father and
mother, in ALL circumstances….
Anonymous
Why does Teitelbaum, and others of the same ilk, have
followers?
Historians of pedagogy and psychoanalysts shed some light on
this apparent mystery. Simply put: the
baby’s will is shaped (stamped out) in the cradle. And, like other children, children who grow
up in such strict environments “love” the enforcing caregivers (parents, rebbe).
For most of recorded history, pedagogy consisted of stamping
out a child’s will; Hasidic education remains stuck in the 18th
century on this front too. Admittedly,
the corporeal punishments used to eradicate the child’s will have eased up in
Hasidic circles too, but, as the strictest pedagogues point out, if you start
the process of molding the child’s emotions early enough, you won’t need
to resort to “corporeal” punishment. A
look, a stare, can suffice.
The ultra-orthodox draw strict boundaries around what is
permitted exploration; boundaries for the infant, the toddler, the child. Transgressions are punished. Like most kids, Satmar kids love their
parents and find it hard, impossible, to consider what happened to them in childhood
an abuse of power rather than love. On
top of this, they are taught (in the cradle) that they MUST honor father and
mother, in ALL circumstances….
Shmarya Rosenberg
Which facts do you need sources for?
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>Shmarya, continues to pretend that Kasztner was not the murdering Nazi collaborator that he was, based on some book that contradicts thousands of eyewitnesses.<<<
There are no "eyewitnesses" to anything of the kind.
>>>Most readers here are probably unaware that Kasztner was later put on trial in Israel for this<<<
He was.
And Israel's Supreme Court exonerated him. Yad Vashem, Israel's national Holocaust museum, has also been very public in its support for Kasztner, as have literally dozens of Holocaust scholars and historians, including native Slovak and Hungarian speakers who have access to archives closed until the fall of the Soviet Union.
>>>but that his life was taken by assassins that may have been sent by the Mossad because of who else could be implicated.<<<
Um, perhaps the men that killed him – all former Stern Gang members associated with Israel's hard right.
sjluniel
Shmarya,
In a perfect world, I would want sources for every fact you state.
In this context, can you simply provide your primary and secondary source for your information?
Steve
Anonymous
I agree that Rabbi Teitelbaum was not a zionist. Shmarya, are you a zionist?
Shmarya continues to pretend
"There are no "eyewitnesses" to anything of the kind."
FALSE
There was Malkiel Grunwald and thousands of others who saw collaborator Kasztner tell Jews to get on the trains to Auschwitz while the Nazis let him drive around in a car.
Read "Perfidy" by Ben Hecht if you can find a copy. For years, all known copies would disappear from book stores and libraries because Mossad agents & Israeli diplomats were under orders to either buy or steal them.
"Historians" also dispute Genesis, the splitting of the Red Sea and a host of other facts, but then again, the "Heretic" shouldn't give a damn about that.
texgator
"Many of the men and women who immigrated to pre-Holocaust America did so to flee men like Teitelbaum and the extremism that so often surrounds them."
Thanks to the freedom of religion in this country they are still free from that extremism if they wish to be. Teitelbaum and his followers purposely isolated themselves away from the rest of society, including that of secular and non-extreme Orthodox Judiasm. So his existence, and his refusal to "mix" with other Jews has no effect on these Jews that you write about. I fail to see the issue....other than some perceived lack of gratitude on Tietelbaum's part for his saviors, who cares what Satmar Jews do? Who cares if they look down their noses at other forms of Orthodox Jewry?
zbird
http://nymag.com/news/features/48532/
It's about a woman who tried to flee the Satmar with her baby, only to become embroiled in a nasty custody fight with the baby's father. The article is very sympathetic to the mother, although she's not entirely innocent.
But the Satmar come across as true nutcases. I have no idea how much of it is true.
--Z
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>can you simply provide your primary and secondary source for your information<<<
1. Kasztner's Train by Anna Porter.
2. Copious writings published by Satmar affiliates over the past 60 years, including a charming illustrated children's book on Passover showing the Jews with shtreimels and long black coats and the erev rav, mixed multitude, dressed like Modern Orthodox Jews and wearing knitted kippot.
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>There are no "eyewitnesses" to anything of the kind."
FALSE
There was Malkiel Grunwald and thousands of others who saw collaborator Kasztner tell Jews to get on the trains to Auschwitz while the Nazis let him drive around in a car.<<<
Grunwald was not an eyewitness. I don't even think he testified at the first trial.
And, as you know but do not bother to mention, Kasztner was exonerated by Israel's Supreme Court.
Now, 50 years later, we have access to much archival material from Slovkia and Hungary – material that was not available when Israel's hard right slandered Kasztner.
Again, as you certainly know but do not bother to mention, that material overwhelmingly exonerates Kasztner. On the other hand, it doesn't make Teitelbaum look any better.
>>>Read "Perfidy" by Ben Hecht if you can find a copy. For years, all known copies would disappear from book stores and libraries because Mossad agents & Israeli diplomats were under orders to either buy or steal them.<<<
Please. Satmar had copies of it in print for years. You could buy dozens from almost any bookstore in Williamsburg, Kiryat Joel or Mea Shearim.
I bought mine in Mea Shearim 21 years ago, along with a anti-Zionist screed written by Satmar hasidim.
Hecht did not have access to most of the information, documents and witness that supported Kaszner.
Worse than that, he did not try to have access.
Hecht (the famous playwright), was a very well-meaning man who gave his all to save Jews during the Holocaust.
But Hecht was also an ideologue closely associated with Israel's hard right. The hard right, as you know but do not mention, was behind the trial. Indeed, Gruenwald's attorney Shmuel Tamir took the case on the condition that Gruenwald -- the plaintiff! -- have no control in how the case was run. Tamir was way to right of Menachem Begin. He fought to remove Begin from Herut leadership. At the same time, Tamir openly fought to bring down the labor government, and used Gruenwald and Kastner as a vehicle to do it.
And, again, as you know but do not mention, Israel's Supreme Court exonerated Kasztner. So has history.
>>>"Historians" also dispute Genesis, the splitting of the Red Sea and a host of other facts, but then again, the "Heretic" shouldn't give a damn about that.<<<
You confuse BELIEF in a religious idea with fact.
Factually, the Exodus as portrayed in the Torah did not happen. Neither did the conquest of Israel as portrayed in Joshua.
Historians, scientists and rationalists operate on FACT. Religion operates on BELIEF.
Believe whatever you like -- just do not confuse your belief with fact.
Shmarya Rosenberg
>>>Thanks to the freedom of religion in this country they are still free from that extremism if they wish to be. Teitelbaum and his followers purposely isolated themselves away from the rest of society, including that of secular and non-extreme Orthodox Judiasm. So his existence, and his refusal to "mix" with other Jews has no effect on these Jews that you write about. I fail to see the issue....other than some perceived lack of gratitude on Tietelbaum's part for his saviors, who cares what Satmar Jews do? Who cares if they look down their noses at other forms of Orthodox Jewry? <<<
Because Satmar and Teitelbaum along with his allies didn't simply wall themselves off – they also tried to force the rest of American Orthodoxy to comply with their demands.
sjluniel
..... Kasztner's Train by Anna Porter.
That only accounts for a part of your facts.
>>>>2. Copious writings published by Satmar affiliates over the past 60 years,
and the names of these writings (in English or Yiddish) are?
>>>including a charming illustrated children's book on Passover showing the Jews with shtreimels and long black coats and the erev rav, mixed multitude, dressed like Modern Orthodox Jews and wearing knitted kippot
And what other colouring books did you use as a reference?
Steve
Anonymous
I agree that Rabbi Teitelbaum was not a zionist. Shmarya, are you a zionist?
Shmarya Rosenberg
And what other colouring books did you use as a reference?
That remark makes no sense. Satmar publishes and sell children's books with evil characters wearing knitted kippot and the good characters dressed as Satmars. Does this simply go over your head?
Past that, if you want specific sources for something I wrote, be specific.
Shmarya continues to pretend
"Grunwald was not an eyewitness. I don't even think he testified at the first trial."
He was originally charged with libel because the Zionists wanted to cover up the truth. Those trumped up charges were dropped because the truth about Kasztner's atrocities prevailed.
"Kasztner was exonerated by Israel's Supreme Court."
A court that has been in error before.
"50 years later, we have access to much archival material from Slovkia and Hungary"
You didn't have to wait those 50 years to know that Kasztner went running to Nuremburg to plead for the life of his murderous Nazi pals.
"On the other hand, it doesn't make Teitelbaum look any better."
It sure does, that spoke up to expose Nazi collaborator Kasztner.
"Perfidy" by Ben Hecht ... Satmar had copies of it in print for years. You could buy dozens from almost any bookstore in Williamsburg, Kiryat Joel or Mea Shearim."
And your point is? I can name many more stores owned by orthodox Jews in mixed neighborhoods where secular Israeli agents could enter freely without sticking out. In these locations, copies of Perfidy were hidden away and only sold to Orthodox Jews so that the Zionists would not clean them out.
"Hecht did not have access to most of the information, documents and witness that supported Kaszner."
Support for Kasztner is agenda driven. His family is keen on clearing his dirty name. Zionists want to cover up for the Mossad hit on him and prevent exposure of higher ups like Ben Gurion himself who helped create the high numbers of Jews available for the Nazis to slaughter.
"Worse than that, he did not try to have access."
Why try to access "information" from those trying to beautify the piece of dirt when there are thousands of witnesses who saw Kasztner telling Jews to get on trains to Auschwitz. An irrefutable fact you try to deny.
And funny how you smear Hecht before praising him here:
"Hecht (the famous playwright), was a very well-meaning man who gave his all to save Jews during the Holocaust."
True.
"Hecht was also an ideologue closely associated with Israel's hard right."
Spoken like a partisan Democrat supporter of Barack Islamobama.
"The hard right, as you know but do not mention, was behind the trial."
Because the Left was trying to suppress the truth.
"So has history."
The "exoneration" is in your dreams.
"Exodus as portrayed in the Torah did not happen. Neither did the conquest of Israel as portrayed in Joshua."
Spoken like the true Heretic. I pity you after heaving read what outcome awaits those who deny the Exodus. Repent before it's too late.
"Historians, scientists and rationalists operate on FACT. Religion operates on BELIEF."
The facts are there despite your refusal to face them. Scientists have long tried to debunk the Bible and fellow scientists only to "replace" them with their own bunk which is itself ideologically and/or ego driven.
Shmarya Rosenberg
I guess when the facts, history, science and logic are all against you, all you have left is conspiracy theories.
The man was exonerated. Dozens of historians support him. The facts support him.
This is a textbook example of how ultra-Orthodox society really works.
Normally, the halakha (Jewish law) would be to judge the man's actions by the facts, and would take into account expert opinions (i.e., could a have happened on this date when b also happened on this date nearby).
In this case, the facts do not support an ultra-Orthodox myth. Neither do the experts.
What happens?
The experts are attacked as "biased." All evidence supporting Kasztner is tossed aside or explained away as being part of a conspiracy theory. And poor Kasztner remains "guilty."
Reality and ultra-Orthodoxy do not mix.