Mon, Sep 08, 2008

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FEATURE
Wiki Wars
Every day, angry anonymous geeks get a little closer to solving the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Wikipedia has long been bashed by its critics as a free-for-all where the trashiest visitor ruins the facilities for all. Britannica editor-in-chief Robert McHenry famously described it as a public restroom. Wikipedia’s process may be vulgar and its output occasionally putrid—kind of like The New York Times—but the online encyclopedia is producing the world’s least biased accounts of the world’s most polarizing conflict.

If the sign of a good negotiation is the arrival of a resolution where both parties remain dissatisfied, then time and again this anarchic online community successfully resolves the world’s most seemingly intractable debates. In this sense, Wikipedia is a geopolitical laboratory, offering lessons on how we might approach such problems in the real world.

Two peoples at war can learn to live in peace with the help of what historians have called a “bridging narrative,” a shared understanding of history that takes into account the grievances of both sides. After five regional wars, two intifadas, and endless skirmishes and political confrontations, if any two groups of people on Earth need such a narrative, it’s Israelis and Arabs. By creating an editing environment in which political partisans from the different sides are induced to hash out their disagreements, Wikipedia is showing how a bridging narrative might be created, and what it might look like.

Such collective storytelling is on display in the articles about the Sabra and Shatila massacre, the Deir Yassin massacre, the Khazars, and the Exodus of Jews from Arab lands. Each one of these articles has an associated discussion page where editors debate how to present points of disagreement in an unbiased fashion. These dialogues are protracted, repetitive, and often cantankerous, but they have yielded hard-earned compromises and excellent, dispassionate articles on each of these topics.

Take Wikipedia’s article on the Lavon affair, an Israeli political scandal surrounding a 1954 incident in which Israeli operatives detonated bombs in British and American buildings in Egypt. Information on the bombings conflicts and has been put to very different interpretations by both sides.

Early versions of the Lavon affair article represent a maximalist anti-Israel interpretation. The operation was an “Israeli terrorist campaign” intended to destroy Egypt’s relationship with Britain and America by framing Arabs. Soon, though, editors more sympathetic to Israel modified the article to reflect the view of pro-Israel editors. They thought Israel’s civilian leadership knew nothing about the bombing campaign, which was conducted by a rogue counterintelligence cell. Nearly half of the article came to focus on the increased persecution of Egyptian Jews by the Egyptian government.

The opposing editors hit an impasse, so they turned to Wikipedia’s editorial guidelines. In cases like this, the rules encourage a process called “writing for the enemy,” in which editors attempt to fairly describe the views of the opposing side. They don’t have to agree, but they have to characterize the other side’s views accurately.

At first glance, the Lavon affair article now looks like one big stinker. The introduction doesn’t tell you when the event took place; the article describes the political context of early-1950s Egypt before it tells you what the Lavon affair actually was; and, for a topic involving such cloak-and-dagger intrigue and historical mystery, the article is dull as dishwater. And yet you can see where more opinionated editors jostled for position, inserting their commentary only to have their words modified by other editors. The technologist Jaron Lanier has said that wading through this kind of Wikipedia prose is “like reading the Bible closely. There are faint traces of the voices of various anonymous authors and editors.”

This dissonance makes for frustrating reading, but for an event as contentious as the Lavon Affair, it might be the best way to tell the story. Heteroglossia (literally, “different tongues”) is a way of retelling history that gives voice to multiple perspectives. It is, according to Peter Burke, a professor of cultural history at the University of Cambridge, the most effective way to write the history of political conflicts.

Many historical works are produced by lone authors trying to emulate the voices of multiple others. It’s much better to tell the story of the Arab-Israeli conflict as Wikipedia does, by creating a space in which countless voices struggle to insinuate their own perspectives into a single document. The unnerving tensions, the nonlinearity and palimpsest-like quality of even Wikipedia’s bad articles on the Arab-Israeli conflict are a generally more balanced introduction than most accounts written by one person.

To the extent that Israelis and Arabs can find ways of telling their stories not as two parallel tales of perfidy and victimization, but rather as two groups that have for too long strived for full political rights at one another’s expense—to the extent that such a vision of their shared history is achieved, peace will surely be easier. Wikipedia may be helping us understand the processes by which such a history can be created. Given that promise, a bit of heteroglossic sloppiness is no big deal. If nature calls, don’t we all prefer a public bathroom, however messy, to none at all.


Joey Kurtzman was president of Jewcy Partners, LLC, and co-founding editor of Jewcy.com. Prior to joining Jewcy he was an on-air contributor to Ireland's political and cultural radio program, The Wide Angle.

He lives in Los Angeles with


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Anonymous


Huh?

I am an administrator of Wikipedia and have been an editor for four years now. Mr. Kurtzman interviewed me, among a few others, for this article. The Wikipedia he describes is one alien to my experience, and to the others I spoke to who were interviewed by Kurtzman. In fact, WP's open format and "neutral point of view" requirements ensure that on controversial topics such as Israel, the outrageous propaganda and outright fabrications of Islamist and Arabist interests are given equal place as "valid alternative discourses". At the same time, Islamic and Arab atrocities against Jews and others are habitually downplayed and whitewashed.

The road to solution in the Arab-Israeli lies in Israel and its allies pursuing a policy of victory, not in creating "shared narratives" with those who openly advocate the genocide of the Jewish people.





Anonymous


Israeli outrageous propaganda:outright fabrications of Islamist

Please guys, just draw a line down the middle and call it a mixed neighborhood. Leave the religion at the door and we'll go have a beer. It's not rocket science. Sombody needs to get a small dog to pull the curtians back so everyone can see that a few lever-pullers are manipulating so many otherwise decent folk. They are pulling a myth over on us. We are really alot more alike than some would have us think. Get a life. Help a neighbor build a barn. Either make some music or do some dancing...Submitted by a fan of the Dawg





Joey Kurtzman


Discourses, discourses everywhere!

One thing you encounter right-quick in Wikipedia is the incessant refrain that the other guys are winning. For articles relating to any historical conflict, (some) editors from each camp are convinced that objective history, Ranke's "history as it really happened", is being systematically misrepresented by propagandists from the other side. Russians vs. Poles, Sunni vs. Shia, Macedonians vs. Greeks, the list is endless. I alluded to this in the article when I mentioned that Wikipedia often leaves members of both sides in any given dispute dissatisfied.

So the Israeli-Arab conflict is typical. Some editors are convinced that Zionist editors have made Wikipedia into a 24/7/365 hasbarah orgy; others, like the commenter above, are equally convinced that it’s dominated by “the outrageous propaganda and outright fabrications of Islamist and Arabist interests." And then there’s all those in between.

The bottom line, though, is this: the historiography of any ethnic/national conflict will be characterized by a range of conflicting narratives. That’s why it’s so Sisypheana challenge to write a single “objective history” of a conflict, and why individual historians have resorted to all manner of narrative device in their efforts to do so. The commenter above may be driven batty by the inclusion of “alternative discourses” that he regards as ludicrous, but the day-to-day slog in which Wikipedia editors of various nationalities, ethnicities, and ideological dispositions struggle to compose a single document that accommodates multiple discourses—that describes those discourses without validating them—is part of what makes many Wikipedia articles so useful, so insightful, and so fascinating. It’s a wonderfully novel way of writing the history of conflicts, and—frustrating though the process may be for many editors—it’s producing some excellent content.





Anonymous


Simplify

Have you ever thought of simply synopsizing the major opposing points of view right up front 123 then, listing a timeline of known factoids about an instance of history (or other discipline). If this much were handled with dry respect maybe the semi partisan mish-mash of chatter that followed would have a little clearer perspective. "Fan of the Dawg"





Anonymous


Pro-Israeli wikipedia

pro-Israel editors on wikipedia far outnumber arab and neutral editors.that's why day after day wikipedia becomes more and more pro-Israel. The things is worsen because some pro-Israelis are administrators, where they can block users and lock articles.





Anonymous


Reply to "Discourses, Discourses..."

In his rush to praise the melding of various "discourses", Kurtzman ignores a basic fact. Some of these "discourses" are simply factually wrong, others morally indefensible.

The other responses to my original post, for the most part, reflect notions of historiography that would be well at home in the old Soviet Union and are devoid of originality, noteworthiness or worth in general.





Anonymous


"The unnerving tensions, the

"The unnerving tensions, the nonlinearity and palimpsest-like quality of even Wikipedia’s bad articles on the Arab-Israeli conflict are a generally more balanced introduction than most accounts written by one person."

Can someone explain why balance is a virtue? Is it always seen as such? In discussions of, e.g., slavery? Some of us believe that a "balanced" picture would do violence to reality, in much the same way as evangelical insistence that creationism be taught alongside evolution as comparable options does violence to the way things are. Obviously, Joey, you accept this principle in other circumstances (e.g., you don't call for balance re the Armenian-Turkish question-or even accept that there's a question at all). Is the I-P conflict different in kind, innately undecidable, doomed to remain in permanent equipoise? Some of us believe that there's a bad guy in the I-P conflict. It's fine to disagree with us, but to announce that, unlike most other big issues, this one needs to genuflect to some wishy-washy notion of balance just seems avoidant. 





David Strauss


Also

There's a bit of a recurring problem on the Arabic Wikipedia of referring to Israel as "the Zionist entity."





Susan


Anonymous, I agree with you.

Anonymous, I agree with you. The things that are allowed to be said about Israel/Israelis &, placed into Wikipedia - all without attributions or sources - are outrageous. The talk pages are even worse.  Susan





Kurtlane


Bathrooms

"If nature calls, don’t we all prefer a public bathroom, however messy, to none at all."

That depends on how messy the public bathroom is.





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